7. Sumar - Cheatsheet

7.1. Căi în ierarhia de fișiere

7.1.1. Calea curentă

student@uso:~$ pwd
/home/student

7.1.2. Cale relativă și cale absolută

Cale relativă:

student@uso:~$ ls -l comenzi/mkdir/
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 18:20 Avengers
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 19:21 GameOfThrones

Cale absolută:

student@uso:~$ ls -l /home/student/comenzi/mkdir/
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 18:20 Avengers
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 19:21 GameOfThrones

7.1.3. Schimbarea căii curente

student@uso:/etc$ pwd
/etc
student@uso:/etc$ cd /usr
student@uso:/usr$ pwd
/usr

7.1.4. Scurtături de căi

Caracterul -:

student@uso:~$ pwd
/home/student
student@uso:~$ cd /usr/bin/
student@uso:/usr/bin$ pwd
/usr/bin
student@uso:/usr/bin$ cd -
/home/student
student@uso:~$ cd -
/usr/bin
student@uso:/usr/bin$ cd -
/home/student
student@uso:~$ cd -
/usr/bin

Caracterul ~:

student@uso:/usr/bin$ cd /tmp/
student@uso:/tmp$ pwd
/tmp
student@uso:/tmp$ cd ~
student@uso:~$ pwd
/home/student
student@uso:~$ cd /usr/bin/X11/
student@uso:/usr/bin/X11$ pwd
/usr/bin/X11
student@uso:/usr/bin/X11$ cd ~
student@uso:~$ pwd
/home/student

7.2. Interacțiunea cu fișiere în linia de comandă

7.2.1. Ierarhie de fișiere

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ tree -L 1 /
/
|-- bin
|-- boot
|-- dev
|-- etc
|-- home
|-- initrd.img -> /boot/initrd.img-3.16.0-4-586
|-- lib
|-- lib64
|-- libx32
|-- lost+found
|-- media
|-- mnt
|-- opt
|-- proc
|-- root
|-- run
|-- sbin
|-- srv
|-- sys
|-- tmp
|-- usr
|-- var
``-- vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-3.16.0-4-586

7.2.2. Afișarea conținutului unui director

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir/Avengers$ ls
Captain America  Iron Man  Thor

student@uso:~/comenzi/touch$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 Sep 29 17:32 cities
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 Sep 29 17:25 cities in romania
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 Sep 29 17:33 romania

7.2.3. Crearea fișierelor

student@uso:~$ ls cities
ls: cannot access cities: No such file or directory
student@uso:~$ touch cities
student@uso:~$ ls cities
cities

7.2.4. Crearea directoarelor

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ mkdir GameOfThrones
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ mkdir Avengers
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ ls -l
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 17:43 Avengers
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 17:43 GameOfThrones

7.2.5. Afișarea conținutului unui fișier

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ cat GameOfThrones/Arya
A girl has no name

7.2.6. Ștergerea fișierelor

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ ls Avengers/
Captain America  Hulk  Iron Man  Thor
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ rm Avengers/Hulk
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ ls Avengers/
Captain America  Iron Man  Thor

7.2.7. Ștergerea directoarelor

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ mkdir LordOfTheRings
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ ls -l
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 18:02 Avengers
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 17:44 GameOfThrones
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 18:09 LordOfTheRings
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ rmdir "LordOfTheRings"
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ ls -l
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 18:02 Avengers
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 17:44 GameOfThrones

7.2.8. Redenumirea și mutarea fișierelor și directoarelor

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ ls
GameOfThrones
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ mv GameOfThrones ThroneOfGames
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ ls
ThroneOfGames

7.2.9. Copierea fișierelor și directoarelor

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ cp Avengers/Thor /tmp/
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ ls /tmp/
Thor  ssh-ApUMKI3HSJ

7.2.10. Fișiere și directoare ascunse

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir$ ls -al
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 5 student student 4096 Sep 29 18:41 .
drwxr-xr-x 4 student student 4096 Sep 29 18:35 ..
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 18:20 Avengers
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Sep 29 17:44 GameOfThrones

student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir/Avengers$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 Sep 29 18:20 Captain America
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 Sep 29 18:20 Iron Man
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 Sep 29 18:20 Thor
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir/Avengers$ touch .Hulk
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir/Avengers$ ls -l
total 0
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 Sep 29 18:20 Captain America
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 Sep 29 18:20 Iron Man
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student 0 Sep 29 18:20 Thor
student@uso:~/comenzi/mkdir/Avengers$ ls -al
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 student student 4096 Oct  6 16:44 .
drwxr-xr-x 5 student student 4096 Sep 29 19:14 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student    0 Oct  6 16:44 .Hulk
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student    0 Sep 29 18:20 Captain America
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student    0 Sep 29 18:20 Iron Man
-rw-r--r-- 1 student student    0 Sep 29 18:20 Thor

7.2.11. Afișarea tipului de fișier

student@uso:~$ file Picture.abc
Picture.abc: PNG image data, 742 x 320, 8-bit/color RGBA, non-interlaced
student@uso:~$ file index.rst
index.rst: ASCII text
student@uso:~$ file archive.tar
archive.tar: POSIX tar archive (GNU)

7.2.12. Legături (Links)

student@uso:~/comenzi/ls$ ln -s ~/comenzi/mkdir/ .
student@uso:~/comenzi/ls$ ls -l
total 0
lrwxrwxrwx 1 student student 28 Oct  6 17:58 mkdir -> /home/student/comenzi/mkdir/

7.3. Execuția programelor

student@uso:~/comenzi$ ./my_ls
executie  mkdir  my_ls      touch